11. A feudális hierarchia
A feudális társadalmi rend 1000 körül alakult ki. A Karoling Birodalom felbomlása után és a vándornépek támadásai nyomán Nyugat-Európa lakossága nem érezte biztonságban magát, ezért a nagybirtokosokhoz fordult oltalomért.
A vazallus (szolga, alárendelt személy) hűséget esküdött a seniornak (hűbérúr), amiért cserébe védelmet és feudumnak nevezett földbirtokot kapott:
- ez a homágium (hűségeskü) és beiktatás keretén belül valósult meg
- a feudum egy vagy több faluból, de akár egy egész fejedelemségből is állhatott
- mindenki vazallusa volt valakinek
- a király Isten vazallusa volt (pld. Én, Mátyás Isten kegyelméből Magyarország, Horvátország stb. királya)
- főeskü – ha egy vazallus több seniornak is hűséget esküdött, azt kellett elsősorban segítse, akinek a főesküt letette
- immunitás – egyes földbirtokok teljes védelmet kaptak mindenfajta beavatkozás alól
- a seniorok saját birtokukon monopóliumokat (kizárólagos jogokat) élveztek, pld. halászat, vadászat
- az uradalom központhában a vár állt – a földesúr lakhelye, hatalmának jelképe, amely veszély esetén menedéket nyújtott az uradalom parasztjainak is
- magaslatokra, szigetekre, elárasztható területekre építették
- a főépület az öregtorony (donjon) volt, a vártulajdonos családjának lakhelye
- a donjont védőtornyokkal ellátott magas és vastag falak övezték
- ezeket a falakat vizesárok vette körbe, amelyen a felvonóhídon keresztül lehetett átkelni.
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